Indus Valley Civilization
◆ Which place has given the earliest evidence of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent?
Ans:- Mehrgarh
◆ At which of the Indus valley civilization, the rows of distinctive fire altars with the provision of ritual bathing has been found?
Ans:- Kalibangan
◆ Which was the first settlement to be discovered in Indus Valley Civilization?
Ans:- Harappa
◆ Harappa was situated on the banks of the river -------
Ans:- Ravi
◆ Which is the largest known Indus Valley city?
Ans:- Mohenjodaro
◆ On the banks of which
river was Mohenjodaro situated?
Ans:- Indus
◆ Which settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization literally means ‘Mount of the Dead’?
Ans:- Mohenjodaro
◆ Which Indus valley settlement in Gujarat was an outpost for sea trade?
Ans:-Lothal
◆ From which Indus Valley site did the bronze statue of dancing girl excavated?
Ans:- Mohenjodaro
◆ The Mesopotamian literature refers to merchants of Meluha. Meluha has been identified with ------
Ans:- Harappan Civilization
◆ Which were two important Harappan crops?
Ans:- Barley & Wheat
◆ Which civilization was the earliest to produce cotton?
Ans:- Harappan
◆ Which Harappan site was opposite to Mohenjodaro on the Indus River?
Ans:- Kot Diji
◆ From which Harappan site was a dockyard excavated?
Ans:- Lothal
◆ The famous structure of Great Bath belongs to ------- site
Ans:- Mohenjodaro
◆ Which Indian archaeologist discovered Mohenjodaro?
Ans:- R.D. Banerji
◆ Which type of script was used by the Indus Valley people?
Ans:- Pictographic script
◆ Which Harappan site has been divided into three parts?
Ans:-Dholavira
◆ At which Indus Valley site, the beared man in steatite image has been found?
Ans:- Mohenjodaro
◆ What was the most common motif of the Indus Seals?
Ans:- Unicorn
◆ At which Indus Valley site, the remains of horse bones have been found?
Ans:- Surkotada
◆ The Great Granary was found at which Indus Valley site?
Ans:- Mohenjodaro
◆ The Indus Valley site at Surkotada is located in which Indian state?
Ans:- Gujarat
◆ Which Harappan site situated at Rajasthan shows the prehistoric & pre-Mauryan character of Indus Valley Civilization?
Ans:- Kalibangan
◆ At which of the Harappan sites an inkpot has been discovered?
Ans:- Chanhudaro
◆ Which site of the Indus Valley era is considered as ‘the oldest ploughed field’ in the world?
Ans:- Kalibangan Vedic Period
◆ Which is the oldest Veda?
Ans:- The Rig Veda
◆ The Rig Veda consists of ------- hymns
Ans:- 1028
◆ The hymns or suktas of Rig Veda are grouped into how many mandalas?
Ans:- 10 Mandalas
◆ Which Mandala of the Rig Veda contains the Gayatri Mantra?
Ans:- Mandala 3
◆ The Gayatri Mantra is dedicated to which God?
Ans:- Savitri
◆ Which Mandala of the Rig Veda contains Purusha sukta and Nadistuti sukta?
Ans:- 10th Mandala
◆ Which is the only grain referred to in the Rig Veda?
Ans:- Yava
◆ Which Veda states that ‘War begins in the minds of men’?
Ans:- Atharva Veda
◆ Which Veda begins
with the verse ‘Agnimeele Purohitam’?
Ans:- Rig Veda
◆ Which Veda deals with music?
Ans:- Sama Veda
◆ Which Veda’s part is Ayurveda?
Ans:- Atharva Veda
◆ Who was the first person to translate all four Vedas to English?
Ans:- Ralph T H Griffith
◆ The total number of Upanishads?
Ans:- 108
◆ Which is considered as the largest epic in the world?
Ans:- Mahabharatha
◆ What is also known as ‘the Fifth Veda’?
Ans:- Mahabharatha
◆ ‘Jayasamhita and Satasahasra Samhita’ was the former names of -------
Ans:- Mahabharatha
◆ Which Parva of Mahabharatha contains Bhagavat Gita?
Ans:- Bhishma Parva
◆ What type of marriage prevailed at the Vedic age in which the father finds an educated man & proposes the marriage of his daughter to him?
Ans:- Brahma Marriage
◆ The type of marriage in which the groom gives a cow and a bull to the father of the bride & the father exchanges his daughter in marriage was known as ----
Ans:- Arsha marriage
◆ In which type of marriage, a girl was given by her father to the sacrificial priest in as a part of fee or Dakshina?
Ans:- Daiva marriage
◆ Which term was used for a ‘school’ of learning & teaching the branches of Vedas?
Ans:- Charna
◆ Which river was known as ‘Drishdvati’ in Vedic Era?
Ans:- Ghagghar
◆ Which was the most important grain grown in the Vedic Age?
Ans:- Barley
◆ ‘Karmara’ in the Vedic age was referred to the people occupied with which profession?
Ans:- Blacksmith
◆ Who was the most important divinity during the early Vedic
era?
Ans:- Indra
◆ What was the medium of exchange used in the Vedic period?
Ans:- Niska
Buddhism & Jainism
◆ ‘Anekantavada’ is a core theory & philosophy of which religion?
Ans:- Jainism
◆ Where was Mahavira born in 540 BCE?
Ans:- Kundala Grama
◆ How many Thirthankaras are there in Jainism?
Ans:- 24
◆ Who was the 24th Thirthankara?
Ans:- Vardhamana Mahavira
◆ Who is considered as the first Tirthankara of Jainism?
Ans:- Rishabha
◆ Who was the 23rd Jain Tirthankara?
Ans:- Parshvanath
◆ Digambara and Swethambara are two sects of ------
Ans:- Jainism
◆ Upon which Jaina Philosopher Emperor Akbar conferred the title of ‘Jagatguru’?
Ans:- Hira Vijay Suri
◆ In Pali texts, who is referred to as Nigantha Nataputta?
Ans:- Mahavira
◆ On the bank of which river, Mahavira attained Kaivalya?
Ans:- Rijupalika
◆ Which Jain Tirthankaras have been mentioned in Rigveda?
Ans:- Rishabha & Aristanemi
◆ What was the fifth tenet added by Mahavira to the four basic tenets of Jainism?
Ans:- Observe continence
◆ Who built the Gomateshwara statue at Sravanabelagola?
Ans:- Chamundraya
◆ What is the ‘Triratnas’ of Jainism?
Ans:- Right faith, Right knowledge, Right conduct
◆ Where was Buddha born in 563 BCE?
Ans:- Lumbini (Nepal)
◆ With which religion is Four Noble Truths and Eight-Fold Paths are associated?
Ans:- Buddhism
◆ Buddha attained Parinirvana at ____
Ans:-Kushinagar
◆ Who called Buddha as ‘the Light of Asia’?
Ans:- Edwin Arnold
◆ Which word describes the 500 stories of Buddha?
Ans:- Jataka Stories
◆ Mahayana and Hinayana are the two sects of _____
Ans:- Buddhism
◆ Under which king’s patronage the Jainism reached its highest point?
Ans:- Chandragupta Maurya
◆ Which Mauryan Emperor is known as ‘the Constantine of Buddhism’?
Ans:- Ashoka
◆ Who was ‘Kanthaka’ in the context of Gautam Buddha?
Ans:- Horse
◆ What is the subject matter of Abhidhamma Pitaka?
Ans:- Psychology & Metaphysics
◆ Which Buddhist scripture deals in the teachings of Buddhism?
Ans:- Sutta Pitaka
◆ Which Buddhist scripture deals in the moral code of conduct?
Ans:- Vinay Pitaka
◆ In which Buddhist Council, Buddhism was divided into Sthaviravadins & Mahasanghikas?
Ans:- Second Buddhist Council
◆ Who wrote ‘Buddhacharita’ , the
epic biography of Gautama Buddha in Sanskrit?
Ans:- Asvaghosa
◆ Which Buddhist canon is related to dealing with rules for monks & nuns?
Ans:- Vinaya Pitaka
◆ Which Buddhist Scripture is written in the form of questions & answers?
Ans:- Abhidhamma Pitaka
◆ What is also known as ‘Encyclopedia of Buddhism’?
Ans:- Mahavibhasa Mauryans & Guptas
◆ Who founded the Haryanka Dynasty of Magadha?
Ans:- Bimbisara
◆ Who was the famous son of Bimbisara?
Ans:- Ajathasatru
◆ Who founded the Mauryan Empire in 321 BCE?
Ans:- Chandragupta Maurya
◆ Who was the first
person to decipher the Rock Edicts of Ashoka?
Ans:- James Prinsep (1837)
◆ Alexander the Great invaded India in the year ______
Ans:- 326 BCE
◆ Which famous minister of Chandragupta Maurya authored
‘Arthasastra’?
Ans:- Chanakya (Kautilya)
◆ Who was the father of Ashoka?
Ans:- Bindusara
◆ Which Indian king was known as ‘Devanampriya’?
Ans:- Ashoka
◆ Ashoka fought the
Kalinga war in the year ------
Ans:-261 BCE
◆ Who was the first ruler in the history to take measures for wildlife protection?
Ans:- Ashoka
◆ Who was the founder of Sunga Dynasty?
Ans:- Pushyamitra Sunga
◆ Which rulers were also known in the name of Andhras?
Ans:- Satavahanas
◆ Who was the most famous Kushan ruler?
Ans:- Kanishka
◆ Who is known as ‘the Second Ashoka’?
Ans:- Kanishka
◆ Who started the Saka Era in CE 78?
Ans:- Kanishka
◆ The Gandhara School of Art got patronage under which dynasty?
Ans:- Kushans
◆ Which was the first Indian dynasty to issue gold coins?
Ans:- Kushans
◆ Who was the founder of Gupta Dynasty?
Ans:- Sri Gupta
◆ Which Gupta Emperor called himself ‘Lichchhavi Dauhitra’?
Ans:- Samudragupta
◆ Which Gupta emperor was an expert in Veena?
Ans:- Samudragupta
◆ Who was the court poet of Samudragupta?
Ans:- Harisena
◆ Which Gupta emperor adopted the title ‘Kaviraja’?
Ans:- Samudragupta
◆ Which ruler of the Gupta dynasty started Gupta Era?
Ans:- Chandragupta-I
◆ Which ruler is known as ‘the Napoleon of India’?
Ans:- Samudragupta
◆ The achievements of Samudragupta are mentioned in which inscription?
Ans:- Allahabad Pillar inscription
◆ Who founded the Pala empire around 750 CE?
Ans:- Gopala
◆ Which Pala king was elected by the notable men of the area to end the anarchy prevailing there?
Ans:- Gopala
◆ Name the Arab merchant who visited the Pala Kingdom?
Ans:- Sulaiman
◆ Which Pala King founded the Vikramasila University?
Ans:- Dharmapala
◆ Who is considered as the real founder of the Pratihara Empire?
Ans:- Bhoja
◆ Which Pratihara ruler adopted the title of ‘Adivaraha’?
Ans:- Bhoja
◆ Which Arab traveller visited Gujarat in 915 during the Pratihara rule?
Ans:- Al-Masudi
◆ Name the great Sanskrit poet & dramatist, lived at the court of the Pratihara ruler Mahipala?
Ans:- Rajashekhara
◆ Who founded the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
Ans:- Dantidurga
◆ Which was the capital of the Rashtrakutas?
Ans:- Malkhed
◆ Which Rashtrakuta king wrote the first Kannada book on poetics?
Ans:- Amoghavarsha
◆ Which Rashtrakuta king built the famous rock-cut temple of Shiva at Ellora?
Ans:- Krishna-I
◆ Who founded the Chola Empire?
Ans:- Vijayalaya
◆ Which Chola king invaded Sri Lanka & Maldives?
Ans:- Rajaraja Chola
◆ Which Chola King assumed the title of ‘Gangaikondachola’?
Ans:- Rajendra-I
◆ Which Chola king conducted naval expedition against the Sri Vijaya Empire of Malay Peninsula?
Ans:- Rajendra-I
◆ Which south Indian rulers’ remarkable feature of administration was encouragement to Local Self Governments in the villages?
Ans:- Cholas
◆ Who was the founder of Lingayat or Vir Shaiva movement?
Ans:- Channabasava Medieval India
◆ In which year the Arabs conquered the Sindh?
Ans:- 712 CE
◆ Who was the first Turkish conqueror of North India?
Ans:- Mahmud of Ghazni
◆ Which Arab conqueror is said to have made 17 raids into India?
Ans:- Mahmud of Ghazni
◆ Which Arab conqueror had the nickname of ‘Destroyer of the Images’?
Ans:- Mahmud of Ghazni
◆ What was the original name of Muhammed Shershah Suri Ghuri?
Ans:- Muizzuddin Muhammed
◆ Who was known as ‘Indian Homer’?
Ans:- Al Firdausi
◆ How many Sultan Dynasties ruled Delhi?
Ans:- Five
◆ What is the descending order of Delhi Sultan Dynasties?
Ans:- Slave Dynasty, Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyid Dynasty, Lodis
◆ Howmany years the Sultanates ruled Delhi?
Ans:- 320 Years (1206-1526)
◆ Who was the founder
of Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty?
Ans:- Qutub ud din Aibak
◆ Which ruler of Slave Dynasty known as ‘Lakh Baksh’?
Ans:- Qutub ud din Aibak
◆ Who completed the construction of Qutub Minar?
Ans:- Ilthumish
◆ The Mongol conqueror Jengizkhan attacked India during the reign of?
Ans:- Ilthumish (1221)
◆ Who was the first Sultan to make Delhi his capital?
Ans:-Ilthumish
◆ Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to get recognition of the Khalif of Bagdad?
Ans:- Ilthumish
◆ Who was the only woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate?
Ans:- Sulthana Razia (123640)
◆ Razia Sulthana was the daughter of ----
Ans:- Ilthumish
◆ Which Slave Sultan
described himself as ‘The Shadow of God (Zil-i-illahi)’?
Ans:- Balban
◆ Who was the last Slave Sultan?
Ans:- Kayqubad
◆ Name the founder of Khilji Dynasty?
Ans:- Jalaluddhin Khilji
◆ Ali Gurushap was the original name of ----
Ans:-Alauddhin Khilji
◆ Who was known as ‘the Second Alexander (Sikhander-i-sani)’?
Ans:- Alauddhin Khilji
◆ Who was the court poet of Alauddhin Khilji?
Ans:- Amir Khusru
◆ Who was called as ‘the Parrot of India’?
Ans:- Amir Khusru
◆ Which Sultan of Delhi made first time market regulations?
Ans:- Alauddhin Khilji
◆ Who is considered as the father of Urdu language and the inventor of Sitar?
Ans:- Amir Khusru
◆ Who was the founder of Tughlaq Dynasty?
Ans:- Ghiazuddi Tughlaq
◆ Jauna Khan was the real name of?
Ans:- Muhammed Bin Tughlaq
◆ Who called Muhammed Bin Tughlaq ‘an illstarted idealist’?
Ans:- Ibn Batuta
◆ Who was the first to introduce the token currency system in 1330?
Ans:- Muhammed Bin Tughlaq
◆ Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to impose Jaziya?
Ans:- Firoz Shah Tughlaq
◆ Who founded the Sayyid Dynasty in 1414?
Ans:- Khizr Khan
◆ Shah Alam I was the last Sultan of -----Dynasty
Ans:- Sayyid Dynasty
◆ Which Sultan Dynasty ruled for the maximum duration?
Ans:- Tughlaq Dynasty
◆ Which Sultan Dynasty had the shortest period of reign?
Ans:- Khiljis
◆ Bahlol Lodhi founded the Lodhi Dynasty in which year?
Ans:- 1451
◆ Which was the first Afghan (Pathan) Dynasty of India?
Ans:- Lodhis
◆ Who shifted the capital of the Sultanate to Agra from Delhi?
Ans:- Sikhandar Lodhi
◆ Who was the maker of the city Agra?
Ans:- Sikhandar Lodhi
◆ What was the official language of the Delhi Sultanate?
Ans:- Persian
◆ Who was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate?
Ans:- Ibrahim Lodhi
◆ Harihara & Bukka were the founders of?
Ans:- Vijaya Nagar Empire (1336)
◆ Who was the most famous ruler of the Vijaya Nagar Empire?
Ans:- Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529)
◆ What was the name of the famous scholastic assembly in the court of Krishna Deva Raya?
Ans:-Ashtadiggajas
◆ Which battle resulted in the collapse of Vijayanagar?
Ans:- Battle of Talikota (1565)
◆ The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire can be seen at?
Ans:- Hampi (Karnataka)
◆ Who was the founder of the Bahmani kingdom?
Ans:- Zafar Khan
◆ Farid was the original name of ----
Ans:- Shershah Suri
◆ Who defeated Humayun in the battle of Chausa in 1539?
Ans:- Shershah Suri
◆ Who rebuilt the Grant Trunk Road?
Ans:- Shershah Suri
◆ Who was the first Indian ruler to issue Silver Rupiya?
Ans:- Shershah Suri
◆ Where is the tomb of Shershah?
Ans:- Sasaram (Bihar)
◆ Who built the Purana Qila in Delhi?
Ans:- Shershah Suri
◆ Who was the founder of
the Maratha Empire?
Ans:- Shivaji Bhasale
◆ Which was the capital of Shivaji?
Ans:- Raigad
◆ Shivaji crowned as the
‘Chhatrapati’ of the Marathas in ----
Ans:-1674
◆ Which was the period of Shivaji’s reign?
Ans:- 1674-1680
◆ Who were the parents of Shivaji?
Ans:- Shahaji Bhasale & Jijabai
◆ The Treaty of Purandar between Shivaji & Jai Singh was signed in?
Ans:- 1665
◆ What was the name of Shivaji’s council of ministers?
Ans:- Ashta Pradhan
◆ Who was the founder of the Mughal Empire?
Ans:- Babur
◆ The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expansion during the reign of?
Ans:- Aurangzeb
◆ Whose period is known as ‘the golden age of Mughal architecture’?
Ans:- Shah Jahan
◆ Who was the last ruler of the Mughal Dynasty?
Ans:- Bahadur Shah II
◆ Which was the official and court language of the Mughals?
Ans:- Persian
◆ Where was Akbar born in 1540?
Ans:- Fortress of Umarkot
◆ Who is popularly known as ‘the Napolean of medieval India ‘?
Ans:- Hemu
◆ Babur is considered a national hero in which country?
Ans:- Uzbekistan
◆ Akbar was 13 years old when he ascended the Mughal throne in ---
Ans:-1556
◆ Who was the mother of Akbar?
Ans:- Hamida Banu Begum
◆ Akbar organised his army by means of a system called ---
Ans:-Mansabdari
◆ Who was the founder of Fatehpur Sikri?
Ans:- Akbar
◆ Where is the mausoleum of Akbar?
Ans:- Sikandra
◆ Which was the religion propounded by Akbar in 1582?
Ans:- Din-illahi (Religion of God)
◆ Who created ‘Ibadat Khana (House of Worship)’ at Fathepur Sikri in 1575?
Ans:- Akbar Foreign Travellers
◆ Who is considered as the first foreign traveller to India?
Ans:- Megasthanese
◆ Name the famous book of Megasthenese in which a great deal is written about our country and people?
Ans:- Indica
◆ Name the King who sent Megasthenese to India as his ambassador?
Ans:- Seleucus Nicator
◆ Who was the great King of Pataliputra at the time of Megasthenese’s visit?
Ans:- Chandragupta Maurya
◆ Who was the first Chinese traveller to visit India?
Ans:- Fa-Hien
◆ Who is the author of the work ‘A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms or Foguoji’?
Ans:- Fa-Hien
◆ What was the main objective of Fa-Hien’s visit to India?
Ans:- Visit holy Buddhist places and to collect Buddhist books and relics
◆ Who was the famous king of India during Fa-Hien’s visit?
Ans:- Chandragupta II
◆ Which is the probable period of Fa-hien’s India visit?
Ans:- 405-412 AD
◆ Where is the famous ‘Fa-Hien Cave’ situated?
Ans:- Sri Lanka
◆ A famous Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who came to India has left in his ‘Travels or Records of Western Lands’ , comprising twelve books, a detailed account of all that he observed during his long journey through India. Who was this traveller?
Ans:- Hiuen Tsang
◆ Which was the period of Hiuen Tsang’s pilgrimage to India?
Ans:- 629-644 AD
◆ Who was the famous king of Kannauj at the time of Hiuen Tsang’s Visit?
Ans:- Harshavardhana (Shiladitya)
◆ Which place in Kerala Statue of Al-Biruni at Vienna was visited by Marco Polo the great Venetian traveller?
Ans:- Kollam (1293)
◆ Who was the Chinese traveller to visit India during the period of 671-695 and wrote a book about it named ''Biographies of Eminent Monks"?
Ans:- I-Ching
◆ Who was the first Arab traveller to visit India?
Ans:- Al-Masoudi (957)
◆ What is the name of the famous book written by Al-Masoudi about India and its social situations at the time of his visit?
Ans:- Murjal Sahab
◆ A Persian traveller arrived in India in 1017 and became the most important interpreter of Indian science to the Islamic World. He is given the title ‘Founder of Indology’. He was an impartial writer on custom and creeds of various nations, and was given the title ‘Al-Ustad’ for his remarkable description of early 11th century India. Name this foreign traveller?
Ans:- Al-Biruni
◆ Name the encyclopedic work of Al-Biruni on India in which he explored nearly every aspect of Indian life, including religion, history, geography, science and mathematics?
Ans:- Tarikh Al-Hind
◆ Who was the famous Moroccan traveller of the 14th century?
Ans:- Ibn Battuta
◆ What is the name of the famous work of Ibn Battuta?
Ans:- Rihla (Journey)
◆ What is the probable period of Ibn-Battuta’s visit of India?
Ans:- 1336-42
◆ Who was the Sultan of Delhi at the time of Ibn-Battuta’s visit?
Ans:- Muhammed bin Tughluq
◆ Which foreign traveller became the chief judge of Delhi, served in the courts of of the king of Kozhikode, married into the royal family of the Maldives and went on a pilgrimage to Adam’s Peak in Ceylon?
Ans:- Ibn Battuta
◆ Who was the traveller to visit Kozhikode during 1443-44 as a
representative of the King Shah Ruck of Samarkhant?
Ans:- Abdur Razzaq
◆ Who was the Vijayanagar ruler during Abdur Razzaq’s visit of Hampi?
Ans:- Devaraya II
◆ Name the Italian merchant and explorer of the Republic of Venice, who arrived in India in 1420 and visited the court of Devaraya I of the Vijayanagar Empire?
Ans:- Niccolo de Conti
◆ Who came to India as Portuguese India Officer between 1500 and 1516-17 and also was a clerk in Kannur and sometimes interpreter of Malayalam?
Ans:- Duarte Barbosa
◆ Name the Italian writer, who travelled from the mouth of the Indus down the whole west coast of India. He arrived Kozhikode circa 1505 and later wrote a book on the entire things of Malabar?
Ans:- Ludovico di Varthema
◆ A Dutch traveller visited South India in 1583. He is credited with copying top secret Portuguese nautical maps thus enabling the passage to the elusive East India to be opened to the English and the Dutch. Who was this traveller?
Ans:- Jan Huygen van Linschoten
◆ Who was the Russian traveller to visit South India during 147074 and gave a vivid account of Bhamini Kingdom under the reign of Muhammed II?
Ans:- Athanasius Nikitin
◆ Who was the Portuguese traveller to visit Vijayanagar during the reign of Krishnadevaraya?
Ans:- Domingos Paes (152022)
◆ Which French traveller visited India six times in between 1638 and 1664?
Ans:- Jean Baptiste Tavernier
◆ Name the Italian traveller who visited the court of Shah Jahan during 1630-34?
Ans:- Peter Mundi
◆ Who was sent as an ambassador to the court of Jahangir by the British monarch James I?
Ans:- Sir William Hawkins (1608-11)
◆ Name the British diplomat who visited the court of Jahangir during the period of 1615-19?
Ans:- Thomas Roe
◆ Who wrote ‘Journal of the Mission to the Mogul Empire’?
Ans:- Thomas Roe
◆ Which English traveller is widely known as ‘England’s Pioneer to India‘?
Ans:- Ralph Fitch
Buddhist Councils
● First Buddhist Council was held soon after the mahaparinirvana of the Buddha, around 400 BCE under the patronage of king Ajathasatru with the monk Mahakasyapa presiding, at Rajgriha, in the Sattapani Cave.
● Second Buddhist Council was held in 383 BCE. The idea of this council was to settle a dispute on Vinaya Pitaka, the code of discipline. It was held at Vaishali under the patronage of King Kalasoka and the presidency of Sabakami.
● Third Buddhist Council was held in 250 BCE at Pataliputra under the patronage of King Ashoka and under the presidency of Moggaliputta Tissa. The teachings of Buddha which were under two baskets were now classified in 3 baskets as Abhidhamma Pitaka was established in this council, and they were known as ‘Tripitaka’.
● Fourth Buddhist Council was held at Kundalvana, Kashmir in 72 CE under the patronage of Kushan king Kanishka and the president of this council was Vasumitra, with Asvaghosa as his deputy. This council distinctly divided Buddhism into 2 sects Mahayana & Hinayan.
Jain Councils
● First Jain Council was held at Pataliputra by Sthulabhadra at the beginning of 3rd century BCE. It resulted in the compilation of 12 Angas.
● The Second Council was held at Vallabhi (Gujarat) in the Fifth Century CE under the leadership of Devridhigani.
Battles of Tarain
● The Battles at Tarain were fought between the armies of Prithviraja Chauhan & Muhammed Ghuri.
● In the first Battle of Tarain fought in 1191, Prithviraja defeated the forces of Ghuri.
● In the second Battle of Tarain in 1192, Ghuri defeated Prithviraja’s army.
Delhi Sultanate
● Mamluk Dynasty (Slave Dynasty) - CE 1206 - 1290
● Khilji Dynasty - CE 1290 - 1320
● Tughlaq Dynasty - CE 1320-1414
● Sayyid Dynasty - CE 1414-1451
● Lodi Dynasty - CE 1451-1526
Battles at Panipat
● First Battle of Panipat: Fought between the forces of Babur & Ibrahim Lodi in 1526. Babur won and founded Mughal Empire.
● Second Battle of Panipat: Fought between the forces of Akbar & Hemu in 1556. Akbar won and restored the Mughal power in India.
● Third Battle of Panipat: Fought in 1761 between Maratha Forces & Afghans. Sadashivarao lead the Marathas. Afhgans won.